Jazz Gumbo Survey of African American Music
Welcome to our exploration of the origins of jazz, guided by Dr. Johnson. This overview will help you hear the different ingredients that make up our jazz gumbo, highlighting key examples of each element we've discussed. We'll examine the rhythmic, melodic, and cultural influences that helped shape jazz, from its African roots to modern innovations.

by Kevin Johnson

PODCAST
Congo Square Rhythms – African Roots

1

Babatunde Olatunji - "Jin-Go-Lo-Ba (Drums of Passion)"
Listen For: African drumming, call-and-response, complex polyrhythms that laid the foundation for jazz rhythms.

2

Wynton Marsalis - "Congo Square" (from Congo Square Suite)
Listen For: A modern jazz tribute to the rhythms and spirit of Congo Square.

03:26

YouTube

Jin-Go-Lo-Ba (Jin-Go-Low-Bah)

Provided to YouTube by Columbia/Legacy Jin-Go-Lo-Ba (Jin-Go-Low-Bah) · Olatunji Drums Of Passion ℗ Originally released 1960 SONY BMG MUSIC ENTERTAINMENT Released on: 1960-02-15 Producer: Al Ham Drums: Baba Hawthorne Bey Composer, Lyricist: Michael Olatunji Drums: Montigo Joe Drums: Taiwo Duval Associated Performer: Ida Beebee Capps Associated Performer: Afuavi Derby Associated Performer: Akwasiba Derby Associated Performer: Helen Haynes Associated Performer: Dolores Oyinka Parker Associated Performer: Ruby Waraola Pryor Associated Performer: Barbara Gorden Associated Performer: Helena Walker Associated Performer: Louise Young Auto-generated by YouTube.

01:29

YouTube

Wynton Marsalis - Congo Square (2007) - Médiathèque Jazz

Wynton Marsalis - Congo Square - Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra & Yacub Addy and Odadaa

European Band Tradition – Brass and Form
John Philip Sousa
Song: "The Washington Post March"
Listen For: Structured brass band instrumentation, the use of trumpets and trombones, which influenced early jazz.

02:55

YouTube

SOUSA The Washington Post (1889) - "The President's Own" United States Marine Band

"The President's Own" United States Marine Band presents The Complete Marches of John Philip Sousa, a multi-year project to record and publish scores for all of Sousa's Marches. Sousa, known as "The March King," was director of the Marine Band from 1880 to 1892. Recording directed by Lieutenant Col. Jason K. Fettig. http://www.marineband.marines.mil/ During the 1880s, several Washington, D.C., newspapers competed vigorously for public favor. One of these, the Washington Post, organized what was known as the Washington Post Amateur Authors’ Association and sponsored an essay contest for school children. Frank Hatton and Beriah Wilkins, owners of the newspaper, asked Sousa, then leader of the Marine Band, to compose a march for the award ceremony. The ceremony was held on the Smithsonian grounds on June 15, 1889. President Harrison and other dignitaries were among the huge crowd. When the new march was played by Sousa and the Marine Band, it was enthusiastically received, and within days it became exceptionally popular in Washington. The march happened to be admirably suited to the two-step dance, which was just being introduced. A dancemasters’ organization adopted it at their yearly convention, and soon the march was vaulted into international fame. The two-step gradually replaced the waltz as a popular dance, and variations of the basic two-step insured the march’s popularity all through the 1890s and into the twentieth century. Sousa’s march became identified with the two-step, and it was as famous abroad as it was in the United States. In some European countries, all two-steps were called “Washington posts.” Pirated editions of the music appeared in many foreign countries. In Britain, for example, it was known by such names as “No Surrender” and “Washington Greys.” Next to “The Stars and Stripes Forever,” “The Washington Post” has been Sousa’s most widely known march. He delighted in telling how he had heard it in so many different countries, played in so many ways–and often accredited to native composers. It was a standard at Sousa Band performances and was often openly demanded when not scheduled for a program. It was painful for Sousa to relate that, like “Semper Fidelis” and other marches of that period, he received only $35 for it, while the publisher made a fortune. Of that sum, $25 was for a piano arrangement, $5 for a band arrangement, and $5 for an orchestra arrangement. According to a letter dated September 28, 1920, from Sousa to Edward B. McLean, editor of the Washington Post, one edition of this music was published in Mexico under the title “Unser Pasa.” Today, at a community room in Washington, a spotlight illuminates a life-sized color portrait of the black-bearded Sousa, resplendent in his scarlet Marine Band uniform. This is the John Philip Sousa Community Room in the Washington Post Building. It is the newspapers’ tribute to the man who first gave it worldwide fame. Paul E. Bierley, The Works of John Philip Sousa (Westerville, Ohio: Integrity Press, 1984), 95. Used by permission. More info: http://www.marineband.marines.mil/AudioResources/TheCompleteMarchesofJohnPhilipSousa.aspx Volume 3 playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLA7no0L9zTk6iXWNxtWCR6REUv5wudDE7

Original Dixieland Jazz Band
Song: "Livery Stable Blues"
Listen For: Early jazz blending European brass instruments with improvisation and swing.

03:11

YouTube

Original Dixieland Jass Band - Livery Stable Blues (1917)

Original Dixieland Jass Band (ODJB) was founded in New Orleans in 1916. Their first jazz recording is dated 1917. In late 1917 it changed the name's spelling to "Jazz." L'ODJB first members were: Larry Shields (clarinet), Eddie Edwards (trombone), Henry Ragas (piano), Tony Sbarbaro (drums) e Nick LaRocca (cornet).

Blues – Emotional Depth and Storytelling
Bessie Smith - "St. Louis Blues"
Listen For: The raw, emotive blue notes and storytelling style that carried over into jazz.

04:09

YouTube

Bessie Smith - St.Louis Blues (1929)

Bessie Smith performing St.Louis Blues (1929). Nicknamed The Empress of the Blues she was the most popular female blues singer of the 1920s and 1930s. Here’s a longer clip click on this link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIj8LlSljLk

Robert Johnson - "Cross Road Blues"
Listen For: Deep blues influence, personal expression, and improvisation that also appear in jazz.

02:49

YouTube

Robert Johnson- Crossroad

delta blues music

Ragtime – Syncopation and Energy

1

Scott Joplin
Song: "Maple Leaf Rag"
Listen For: The syncopated, energetic piano that provided a rhythmic foundation for early jazz.

2

Jelly Roll Morton
Song: "King Porter Stomp"
Listen For: How Morton blended ragtime rhythms with improvisational jazz.
Religious Elements – Spirituals and Gospel Influence
Mahalia Jackson
Song: "Precious Lord, Take My Hand"
Listen For: The powerful, emotive delivery that connects gospel music with jazz's improvisational freedom.
Louis Armstrong
Song: "When the Saints Go Marching In"
Listen For: The blending of gospel elements with jazz rhythms and soloing.
Classical Musicianship – Virtuosity and Improvisation
1
Duke Ellington
Song: "Black, Brown and Beige"
Listen For: Ellington's orchestration, blending classical and jazz elements with solo improvisation.
2
Thelopnius Monk
Song: "Dont Blame Me"
Listen For: The use of musical imagery and jazz improvisation.
Latin and Caribbean Influences – Afro-Cuban and Caribbean Rhythms
Dizzy Gillespie and Chano Pozo
Song: "Manteca"
Listen For: Afro-Cuban rhythms blended with bebop jazz, adding new spice to the jazz gumbo.
Machito and His Afro-Cubans
Song: "Tanga"
Listen For: Latin jazz's rhythmic complexity and vibrant energy.
Swing and Dance – The Groove of Jazz
Social Movements – Jazz as Cultural Expression
Billie Holiday
Song: "Strange Fruit"
Listen For: Jazz as a form of social protest, with emotionally charged lyrics and powerful delivery.
Charles Mingus
Song: "Fables of Faubus"
Listen For: Jazz reflecting the political and social climate of the time, challenging racial injustice.
Technology and Recording Innovations – Jazz on Record

1

Louis Armstrong
Song: "West End Blues"
Listen For: The early recording of Armstrong's trumpet solo, showing how recording innovations allowed jazz to evolve and reach a global audience.

2

Miles Davis
Song: "So What" (from Kind of Blue)
Listen For: How recording technology allowed jazz musicians to experiment with new sounds and forms, pushing jazz into the modern era.
Listening Assignment Questions

1

Rhythmic Complexity
1. Which song on this list best captures the rhythmic complexity of Congo Square? Describe how the rhythms make you feel.

2

Emotional Conveyance
2. How does Bessie Smith's "St. Louis Blues" convey emotion in a way that influences jazz? Can you hear how this emotion shapes the soloist's improvisation?

3

Ragtime Foundation
3. Scott Joplin's "Maple Leaf Rag" is a prime example of ragtime. How do the syncopated rhythms in this piece help lay the foundation for jazz?

4

Classical and Jazz Fusion
4. How does Duke Ellington's "Black, Brown and Beige" combine classical elements with jazz? What role does improvisation play in his composition?
5. Mahalia Jackson's performance of "Precious Lord" brings gospel to life. How does the call-and-response pattern she uses connect with jazz's improvisational style?
6. Dizzy Gillespie's "Manteca" blends Latin rhythms with jazz. What impact do the Afro-Cuban rhythms have on the overall feel of the song?
7. In "Strange Fruit", Billie Holiday uses jazz as a tool for social commentary. How does the music reflect the weight of the song's message?
Use this listening guide as a reference as we explore jazz's rich history, and feel free to add your own jazz tracks to the playlist!